From Birth to 65

From Birth to 65

Introduction

A person’s emotional and physical development is cumulative. It is important to understand the nature of experiences during each step of the lifespan. The process of psychological human development can be examined through different phases or stages of life including infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adult hood stages (Chung, 2018). Every phase has different set of life cycle concerns and expectations. My name is ( ) and both of my parents are Jamaican. I was born in Queens New York on January 13th 1995 weighing and my mother had a normal birth.

Infancy – Birth to two years

Infancy is the first crucial relationship that individuals share with their mothers. In the confines of the relationship, a child is able to develop a sense of security. King (2016), asserts that the maternal care enables a child to start experiencing comfort even learning to be aware of dependency on other people. According to the parameters of their first relationships, children come to senses of being themselves as they relate to other people. At this stage children begin to build trust on others and to themselves which has cumulative effect on their later stages of life (Peters, 2015). Children also learn how to walk, speak and play with their fellow children during this stage. From ages one to two, I was an energized child and running was my hobby. I developed motor skills at this age and my mother would always refer to me as the little speed racer. Therefore, during infancy, the concerns of comfort and trust are completely necessary to effective growth of a child.

Early Childhood – Three to five years 

From ages three to five the pace of a child’s early development is much affected by the surrounding settings. Proper socialization in a child can be facilitated during this period with the right support structure and framework (Chung, 2018).  This encourages appropriate development for cognitive, emotional and physical abilities. Similarly, suitable settings for the facilities offer a stable test sample for measuring individual progress. The most suitable setting offered to me during this stage was learning how to swim. Due to my active nature my mother enrolled me to a swimming class. Learning how to swim was important because it would put me right to sleep. It would take a lot of pressure out of my mind. During early childhood stage, children also partially grow cognitively. I remember a lot from when I was younger. When my grandmother passed my mother cried a lot and I did not know how to react, so I just held her hand. At age six I was developing my sense of feel and emotions. I knew that crying is a sense of hurt and pain.

Middle Childhood – Six to 12 Years

During my middle childhood I was over swimming and more into contact sports like basketball and football. Football and basketball were my hobbies. At age 11, I hit a major grow spurt and I was taller than my peers. I was put an 80-pound football little league which I dominated on both sides of the ball. Blake (2015) postulate that the growth of personalities among children is absolute at middle, and their upbringing can potentially show a child’s. Further investigations has however refuted this claim, and it is indeed possible for correction some behaviors. A multiple of theories explain the continuity of psychological development especially with the occurrence of change over time (Peters, 20115). Thus it is expected that some developments in middle childhood smoothly occurs with time or at some point even overlap. Some theorists argue that developmental changes occur in separate predetermined phases (Curtis, 2015). Therefore, with every chronological development phase, individuals experience specific quality and amount of transformation. These aspects play significant roles in clarifying the intricacy of the growth during this stage.

Adolescence – Thirteen to 19 years

During adolescent, I took my football skills to another level and started to play for city league. My brother would take me to the gym to lift weights which enabled me to grow stronger especially in the field. Adolescence is an intricate stage which is associated with cognitive, physical,  social, inter-personal and emotional development that usually starts at the age of thirteen (Curtis, 2015). At this stage teens experience biological and physical changes, which may affect relationships with people around them including their family members and peers.

There are various theories that explain developmental changes during adolescence. The theories are helpful in making parents understand their children’s behaviors. This contributes to healthy relationships and acknowledgment of their needs. Stanley Hall, attempted to clarify puberty development after drawing Darwin’s theory of evolution analogy (Arnett, Chapin & Brownlow, 2018). Furthermore, the Biogenetic Psychology of Adolescence and the developmental changes during adolescence is inevitable. It also connects to the era of human evolution when human beings went through major developmental changes, whose peak led to the surfacing of civilization (Peters, 2015). The theory views adolescence as a phase which is genetically and every person has to undergo it before maturity.

Throughout my early adulthood stage, I have been able to understand how to adapt with others as one of the most insightful part. Indeed, the demographic composition of people is shifting on a daily basis as globalization takes root in every part of the world (Valentine, 2015). I have since come to believe that today, to be of useful service anywhere, one must learn how to adapt to other people in their day-to-day interactions. The key to adapting to others is to understand them (Curtis, 2015). It is worth acknowledging that as human beings, we are all different, driven by various desires in life, and constrained by societies as to what is expected of us through our diverse cultures. Therefore, to relate with others well in the daily conduct of business, it is important to identify and appreciate the diversity that exists amongst us, and more so, exercise the much needed tolerance that facilitates necessary interactions.

In the middle adolescence (aged 15-18 years), individuals exhibit intense feelings and the rush for independence. Other developmental changes include; the fear towards the opposite sex, higher sexual appeal, peer pressure and sensitive feelings towards passion and love, Some bodily developments include height and weight gain, Nocturnal emissions, increased sweating, facial hair in boys, and menstruation in girls.

Early adulthood

In the Emerging adulthood phase (ages 20- 40 years) many people are prompted into decision making in their lives. For young adults who have just joined colleges, this stage enables them to realize their true self  and what is expected out of their school, relationship and work life (Valentine, 2015). A lot of students change their residing places, by living with their friends or going to colleges. Young adults tend gain much sanguinity by having in mind that they will attain better lives, take care of themselves and deciding what they can do establish good careers and future for themselves.

I am in my early adulthood with the age of twenty four years. At this stage I am neither growing physically nor gaining weight. In the contemporary world individuals are maturing at early stages than in the previous generations. The psychological development of at this point enables to experienced things that make them happy (King, 2016). Individuals almost certainly have better understanding when dealing with other people as well as more pride. At ages 30 to 40 individuals are more social and accommodating. I was able to develop this quality earlier since I was an efficient public speaker during my first year in the university.

During this stage individuals have a keen in-depth exploration of getting to know other people which might disapprove the aforementioned perception. One glaring fact today is that there is a sharp rise in diversity and consequently, the number of cultures (Arnet, Chapin & Brownlow, 2018). It would be almost impossible to imagine one’s concept of ‘self’ devoid of a culture, and the people involved in one’s upbringing. To this end, it is correct to intimate that each individual is unique in each and every fathomable aspect. Therefore, to understand others, one needs to have a different approach for every individual that they interact with (Peters, 2015). On the same note one learns how to appreciate others of the fact that there are various factors that influence one’s perception of self-concept is a step in the right direction.

During early adulthood many people are able to understand each other to the extent of loving them and getting into marriages. Personally, I found that the four factors that determine self-concept form a significant part when learning to understand others. For instance, to avoid ethnocentrism, it is important to note that every person has their own degree of self-identification (Peters, 2015). Respecting and appreciating this aspect in others may well assist in avoiding cultural biases. Similarly, recognizing the existence of other religions and beliefs is instrumental in helping to mitigate the effects of stereotyping staunch believers on the basis of their fundamental beliefs (Engleberg and Wynn 41-58).At this stage individual have a more development understanding and can this wisely. Individuals tend to have families, make better decisions on their careers, build houses and take care of the people they love.

Late Adulthood- 40 to 65 Years

Through my grandmother I was able to understand the developments during late adulthood. Over the years her body has been going through major changes. During this stage she saw her body undergoing some physical changes. She developed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a problem that stops her from breathing during her sleep. Sometimes she can callable in the airway as a result of apnea which makes her feel seek (Chung, 2018). Occasionally she experiences uncontrollable headaches that give her migrants. The older individuals grows the more cognitive mature they become. The transition into late adulthood is a crucial matter in which the developmental preparation encountered by most adults predicts their relative Ëœsuccess’ in their lifetime (Blake, 2015). Older adults often look back in there with happiness since they are mostly content and fulfilled with what contribution they have made in life and with a deeper sense that life is meaningful.

In conclusion, the process of human psychological development has different phases including; from infancy (birth to two years), early childhood (three to 6 years) middle childhood (six to twelve years), adolescence (thirteen to 19 years), early adulthood (twenty to fourty years) and late adulthood (fourty to 65 years). Each phase has different cognitive, physical and emotional developments. As human beings grow older, they also grow both physically and psychologically. The stage also has different milestones as individuals grow as well as different theories that explain the concepts of psychological development. It is important to understand each phase and how are able to mature and relate with different people.

 

 

Research Application

Chung, D. Y. (2018). The eight stages of psychosocial protective development: Developmental psychology. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science8(06), 369.

In his study Chung proposes a universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology. The method postulates that psychology is the rational defensive system which has diverse parts that exist and mature in the eight different phases of psychosocial protective development. The author proposes eight stages of psychosocial protective development including childhood, adolescence, early young adulthood, late young adulthood, early middle adulthood, late middle adulthood, early late adulthood, and late late adulthood.

Chung presents a comprehensive approach on the mental protection system which comprises of four socialites (individualistic, collectivistic, interdependent, and generativity), the mental immune system for four regulated and unregulated countermeasures (hyperactivity, phobia, comforter, and rationality) and three worldviews (territorial, cooperative, and competitive), against adversities. At childhood, individuals have collectively and socially under their parents’ guidance and protection. Children begin with the unregulated psychological immune system because of psychological immaturity. Steadily they obtain the regulated mental immune system but with delayed gratification through psychological maturity.

Through adolescence, individuals change to adulthood. Independent adolescents and adults posses a regulated metal immune system and are more individualistic. In their late adulthood, older people tend to develop a sociality of protecting the younger generation. Chung presents the mental protective system as a psychological aspect for psychological development. The researcher presents different views and perspective collected from different literatures on; psychological protective development,  the Piaget’s cognitive development, the human evolution, the Erikson’s theory on psychological development, Confucius six milestones of life and the relationship between parent and child.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Arnett, J., Chapin, L., & Brownlow, C. (2018). Human development: A cultural approach. Pearson Australia.

Blake, B. (2015). Developmental psychology: Incorporating Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories in classrooms.

Chung, D. Y. (2018). The eight stages of psychosocial protective development: Developmental psychology. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science8(06), 369.

Curtis, Alexa C. (2015) “Defining Adolescence,” Journal of Adolescent and Family Health: 7(2)Pp 1-39.

King, L. A. (2016). The science of psychology: An appreciative view. McGraw-Hill Education.

Peters, R. S. (2015). Psychology and Ethical Development (Routledge Revivals): A Collection of Articles on Psychological Theories, Ethical Development and Human Understanding. Routledge.

Valentine, C. W. (2015). The psychology of early childhood: A study of mental development in the first years of life. Routledge.

 

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